|
|
| (10 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | [[image:Navit win32 dutch.JPG|320px|thumb|Navit under Windows, GTK Gui, Dutch translation]] | | [[image:Navit win32 dutch.JPG|320px|thumb|Navit under Windows, GTK Gui, Dutch translation]] |
| | | | |
| − | '''Navit on Windows'''
| |
| − | Progress on the win32 support will be documented on this page.
| |
| | | | |
| | + | {|class="wikitable |
| | + | !Version!!Support |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |Windows 2000|| ? |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |Windows XP|| ? |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |Windows Vista|| ? |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |Windows 7|| ? |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |Windows 8|| ? |
| | + | |} |
| | | | |
| | == Download the binary distribution package of Navit == | | == Download the binary distribution package of Navit == |
| Line 10: |
Line 21: |
| | | | |
| | The WinCE binary distribution of Navit can be downloaded via the [[Download Navit]] page, or download the [http://download.navit-project.org/navit/wince/svn/ WinCE bleeding edge] compiled daily from SVN. | | The WinCE binary distribution of Navit can be downloaded via the [[Download Navit]] page, or download the [http://download.navit-project.org/navit/wince/svn/ WinCE bleeding edge] compiled daily from SVN. |
| | + | |
| | + | If the created start menu entry does not work, check if a 'bin' is too many in the link target location. |
| | | | |
| | ==Tips and Tricks== | | ==Tips and Tricks== |
| | + | {{warning|The [[Win32 GUI]] build is broken, so use [[Gui internal]] instead!}} |
| | Compiling, configuring and running Navit on Windows can be a challenge at times. Below are a few hints, in addition to the more detailed instructions following. | | Compiling, configuring and running Navit on Windows can be a challenge at times. Below are a few hints, in addition to the more detailed instructions following. |
| − | *It is best not to use the “win32” GUI (ie <gui type="win32" />) as this is no longer being supported. It is advisable to use the “internal” GUI (<gui type="internal" />) instead.
| |
| | * Support for NMEA serial GPS receiver devices (USB/Bluetooth) was broken in the win32 port since Navit releases 0.1.0. It is restored with the latest builds (3650 and higer). The configuration for serial devices has changed: For example, a serial device on Com4 can be configured as follows: | | * Support for NMEA serial GPS receiver devices (USB/Bluetooth) was broken in the win32 port since Navit releases 0.1.0. It is restored with the latest builds (3650 and higer). The configuration for serial devices has changed: For example, a serial device on Com4 can be configured as follows: |
| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="xml"> |
| | <vehicle name="GPSOnCom4" enabled="yes" active="1" source="serial:COM4 baud=115200 parity=N data=8 stop=1" /> | | <vehicle name="GPSOnCom4" enabled="yes" active="1" source="serial:COM4 baud=115200 parity=N data=8 stop=1" /> |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | ==Compiling / debugging using CodeBlocks & mingw compiler== | + | ==See also== |
| − | Up to and including release 0.0.4 the Win32 builds were supported using the CodeBlocks/mingw development environment,
| + | *[[Windows development]] |
| − | in combination with the glade for win32 GTK devlopment toolkit. For release 0.1.0 and later use native mingw
| |
| − | (see below) or cygwin (see below).
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Downloads ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | In order to compile the win32 version of Navit, you need the following software development tools:
| |
| − | *Glade/gtk+ toolkit for win32 from
| |
| − | | |
| − | [http://http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=98754 Glade 3.43 / Gtk 2.12.9]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [http://gladewin32.sourceforge.net/modules/wfdownloads/visit.php?lid=110 link ??broken?? Gtk+ 2.10.11]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=98754&package_id=111411 SourceForgeDownload: Gtk+ 2.10.11]
| |
| − | *ming compiler from [http://www.mingw.org Website: mingw]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435 SourceForgeDownload: MinGW] (select Automated MinGW installer)
| |
| − | *CodeBlocks IDE from [http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads.shtml CodeBlocks download page] (select recent development snapshot)
| |
| − | | |
| − | [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=126998&package_id=138996 SourceForgeDownload: CodeBlocks]
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Installation ===
| |
| − | Install the packages mentioned above. After everything has been installed you can open the navit.workspace file in CodeBlocks:
| |
| − | | |
| − | Not up to date! Directory projs\CodeBlocks was deleted in 2009
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Compiling ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | =====Not up to date! Directory projs\CodeBlocks was deleted in 2009=====
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Start the CodeBlocks application
| |
| − | *Open the navit.workspace file (located in projs\CodeBlocks directory)
| |
| − | *Set the GTK_DIR enviroment variable in CodeBlocks (Setting/Environment, and select environments variables)
| |
| − | *the GTK_DIR should point to where you have installed the Glade/Gtk toolkit package (e.g. d:\gtk)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Now you should be able to build/debug the navit project:
| |
| − | | |
| − | Notes:
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''ZLIB -lzdll message '''
| |
| − | ''Settings> Compiler and Debugger..> Global compiler settings
| |
| − | In the Linker settings TAB (Add) C:\MinGW\lib\libzdll.a''
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''SAPI'''
| |
| − | ''You need to download and install the [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=5e86ec97-40a7-453f-b0ee-6583171b4530&displaylang=en Microsoft Speech SDK 5.1] for this project to build.''
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Running from debugger ===
| |
| − | In order to run navit from the CodeBlocks debugger, you have to:
| |
| − | * Copy the navit.xml file from the source directory into the projs\CodeBlocks directory
| |
| − | * Copy the xpm directory from the toplevel directory into the projs\CodeBlocks directory
| |
| − | * Modify the navit.xml to set the map (currently only OSM binary files are supported)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Compiling and running using cygwin==
| |
| − | | |
| − | Note: I have been unable to build with cygwin according to these instructions. I suggest you only try it if you are knowledgable
| |
| − | and can improve the instructions. --[[User:Nop|Nop]] 13:01, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Dependencies===
| |
| − | You will probably need the following packages from cygwin :
| |
| − | | |
| − | * automake
| |
| − | * autoconf
| |
| − | * gtk2-x11-devel
| |
| − | * libqt4gui-devel
| |
| − | * gcc
| |
| − | + g++ (for qt rendered)
| |
| − | * gettext-devel
| |
| − | * diffutils
| |
| − | * pkgconfig
| |
| − | * xorg-x11-devel
| |
| − | * glib2-devel
| |
| − | * pango-devel
| |
| − | * atk-devel
| |
| − | * libtool
| |
| − | * make
| |
| − | * rsvg
| |
| − | * wget
| |
| − | * cvs because of autopoint
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Prepare the build===
| |
| − | | |
| − | When using cygwin 1.7 you can skip this block and continue at cygwin 1.7
| |
| − | | |
| − | Edit configure.in and add the following to CFLAGS at line 10:
| |
| − | -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include
| |
| − | | |
| − | It should look like this :
| |
| − | CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wall -Wcast-align -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wreturn-type -D_GNU_SOURCE -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include"
| |
| − | | |
| − | Now run
| |
| − | autogen.sh && ./configure
| |
| − | | |
| − | If you get :
| |
| − | checking for X... no
| |
| − | | |
| − | try adding the following parameters to ./configure :
| |
| − | --x-libraries=/usr/X11R6/lib --x-include=/usr/X11R6/includes
| |
| − | | |
| − | =====Cygwin 1.7=====
| |
| − | With cygwin 1.7 is fairly easy to build navit. Install all the required packages(some has diffrent names now).
| |
| − | Run the autogen script first
| |
| − | | |
| − | ./autogen.sh
| |
| − | | |
| − | and then configure with the following options:
| |
| − | | |
| − | ./configure --disable-binding-python --disable-plugins
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Build navit===
| |
| − | | |
| − | Skip for cygwin 1.7
| |
| − | | |
| − | Currently, building navit will fail at this point, because we haven't found an implementation of the wordexp function for cygwin.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Here's a message in that thread from an actual competent Cygwin user: http://www.mail-archive.com/cygwin@cygwin.com/msg16750.html
| |
| − | | |
| − | The implication of that is a "C library". A "C library" is an "implementation" of reusable code. It consists of a library file that contains the compiled object code and a header file with the matching declarations that goes along with it. The library is implemented as a static archive at build time and simply linked into the app binary. There's nothing to include in that case -- it's already in there.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ====Cygwin 1.7====
| |
| − | | |
| − | Just type make and make install:
| |
| − | | |
| − | make
| |
| − | | |
| − | make install
| |
| − | | |
| − | You can use stow for easy install and uninstall stuff without using packagemangement.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Configuration GPS===
| |
| − | | |
| − | If this works at all, it's only when running under cygwin. See above for the proper Win32 configuration. --[[User:Nop|Nop]] 13:04, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
| |
| − | | |
| − | If you have a gps cable device which spits out NMEA data, you can configure it like under unix. Beware of the following enumeration:
| |
| − | * ComPort1==ttyS0
| |
| − | * ComPort2==ttyS1
| |
| − | * ...
| |
| − | | |
| − | Example:
| |
| − | <vehicle name="GPSOnCom3" profilename="car" enabled="yes" active="1" source="file:/dev/ttyS2" baudrate="38400" color="#0000ff"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Running under Cygwin===
| |
| − | | |
| − | To run navit under cygwin you need to install the cygwin xorg-server. Than just run navit.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Make a redistributable package===
| |
| − | | |
| − | * http://cygwin.com/setup.html | |
| − | | |
| − | Please read and understand http://cygwin.com/licensing.html so that you don't infringe Cygwin's intellectual property rights (copyleft) when you distribute the package you've built.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Compiling a native binary using mingw==
| |
| − | | |
| − | The main advantage of this method is that it will produce a redistributable binary.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Downloads===
| |
| − | | |
| − | In order to compile the win32 version of Navit, you need the following software development tools
| |
| − | *GTK+ toolkit for win32 from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=98754 SourceForgeDownload: Glade/GTK+] (select gtk+-win32-devel)
| |
| − | *MinGW from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435 SourceForgeDownload: MinGW] (select Automated MinGW installer)
| |
| − | | |
| − | *MSYS from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=24963 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Base System]
| |
| − | *msysCORE from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=24963 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Base System]
| |
| − | *diffutils from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=24963 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Base System]
| |
| − | *autoconf from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=67879 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | *autogen from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=67879 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | *automake from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=67879 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | *gettext from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=67879 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | *libtool from [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2435&package_id=67879 SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | *libiconv from [http://sourceforge.net/downloads/mingw/MinGW/libiconv SourceForgeDownload: MSYS Supplementary Tools]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Probably the easiest way to obtain and install all the MSYS packages is to follow the instructions [http://www.mingw.org/wiki/msys here]
| |
| − | | |
| − | For speech support, one option is to use the "cmdline" speech type (refer to [[Configuring Navit]]) and a utility such as a Windows port of [http://krolik.net/wsvn/wsvn/public/Say%2B%2B/ Say]
| |
| − | | |
| − | == TroubleShooting ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''/bin/m4: unrecognized option '--gnu''''
| |
| − | | |
| − | Wrong version of m4, use 1.4.13
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Can't locate object method "path" via package "Request (perhaps you forgot to load "Request"?)'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | Wrong version of Autoconf, make sure the latest version is installed, plus the wrapper (version 1.7). Also delete autom4te.cache.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''command PKG_MODULE_EXISTS not recognized'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | For some reason the necessary file "pkg.m4" containing various macros is missing. Find it and put it in ./m4
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Windows Mobile/Windows CE==
| |
| − | [[Compiling_Navit_for_WinCE/WinMobile]] may have details that are relevant for compilation on WindowsCE / Windows Mobile.
| |
| − | | |
| − | You can download now
| |
| − | [http://download.navit-project.org/navit/wince/svn/ cab or zip file for Windows Mobile and WindowsCE]!
| |
| − | Highest number is the newest version of NavIt.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Download it and save on your Storage Card. Install it.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Now you have NavIt on your PDA or Mobile Phone.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''This is a manual for self compiling (navit.exe)'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | You need to have a Linux (like Ubuntu).
| |
| − | If you didn´t have Linux, start your Linux on Live-CD.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Compiling navit for wince using http://cegcc.sourceforge.net/.
| |
| − | Download latest cegcc release and install it.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In November 2009 versions compiled using arm-cegcc-gcc (both revision 1214 and release 0.59.1) had problems (threw exception_datatype_misalignment and caused access violations).<br />
| |
| − | Using the variant arm-mingw32ce of CeGCC 0.59.1 it was possible to build a working executable which can be debugged (see [[Compiling Navit for WinCE/WinMobile]]).
| |
| − | | |
| − | Source [http://www.archlinux.de/?page=PackageDetails;package=4837 cegcc-arm and mingw] (TODO dead link)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Current installs in /opt/cegcc.
| |
| − | Setup a cross-compile environment:
| |
| − | | |
| − | Example setcegccenv.sh:
| |
| − | #! /bin/bash
| |
| − | export PATH=$PATH:/opt/cegcc/bin/
| |
| − | export CEGCC_PATH=/opt/cegcc
| |
| − | export WINCE_PATH=/opt/wince
| |
| − | export PATH=$CEGCC_PATH/bin:$PATH
| |
| − | export CPPFLAGS="-I$WINCE_PATH/include"
| |
| − | export LDFLAGS="-L$WINCE_PATH/lib -L$CEGCC_PATH/lib"
| |
| − | export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$WINCE_PATH/bin"
| |
| − | export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$WINCE_PATH/lib/pkgconfig"
| |
| − | export PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR="$WINCE_PATH/lib/pkgconfig"
| |
| − |
| |
| − | | |
| − | For installation, compiling and configuring please see manual for NavIt on Linux.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Then autogen.sh and configure navit. Example configure for wince:
| |
| − | ./configure \
| |
| − | RANLIB=arm-cegcc-ranlib \
| |
| − | CXX=arm-cegcc-g++ \
| |
| − | CC=arm-cegcc-gcc \
| |
| − | --host=arm-pe-wince \
| |
| − | --disable-readline \
| |
| − | --disable-dynamic-extensions \
| |
| − | --disable-largefile \
| |
| − | --enable-tempstore \
| |
| − | CFLAGS="-I/opt/wince/include -mwin32 -DWIN32 -D_WIN32_WCE=0x0400 -D_WIN32_IE=0x0400 -Wl,--enable-auto-import" \
| |
| − | LDFLAGS="-L/opt/wince/lib" \
| |
| − | --prefix=/opt/wince/ \
| |
| − | WINDRES=arm-cegcc-windres \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-demo \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-file \
| |
| − | --disable-speech-cmdline \
| |
| − | --disable-speech-speech-dispatcher \
| |
| − | --disable-postgresql \
| |
| − | --disable-plugins \
| |
| − | --prefix=/opt/wince \
| |
| − | --disable-graphics-qt-qpainter \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-sdl \
| |
| − | --disable-samplemap \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-gtk \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-internal \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-gypsy \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-file \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-demo \
| |
| − | --disable-binding-dbus \
| |
| − | --enable-avoid-unaligned \
| |
| − | --enable-avoid-float
| |
| − | | |
| − | If example did not run, do this:
| |
| − | | |
| − | ./configure \
| |
| − | RANLIB=arm-mingw32ce-ranlib \
| |
| − | CXX=arm-mingw32ce-g++ \
| |
| − | CC=arm-mingw32ce-gcc \
| |
| − | --host=arm-pe-wince \
| |
| − | --disable-readline \
| |
| − | --disable-dynamic-extensions \
| |
| − | --disable-largefile \
| |
| − | --enable-tempstore ¸\
| |
| − | CFLAGS="-mwin32 -DWIN32 -D_WIN32_WCE=0x0400 -D_WIN32_IE=0x0400 -Wl,\
| |
| − | --enable-auto-import" WINDRES=arm-mingw32ce-windres \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-demo \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-file \
| |
| − | --disable-speech-cmdline \
| |
| − | --disable-speech-speech-dispatcher \
| |
| − | --disable-postgresql \
| |
| − | --disable-plugins \
| |
| − | --prefix=/opt/wince \
| |
| − | --disable-graphics-qt-qpainter \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-sdl \
| |
| − | --disable-samplemap \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-gtk \
| |
| − | --disable-gui-internal \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-gypsy \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-file \
| |
| − | --disable-vehicle-demo \
| |
| − | --disable-binding-dbus \
| |
| − | --enable-avoid-unaligned \
| |
| − | --enable-avoid-float \
| |
| − | --enable-support-libc \
| |
| − | PKG_CONFIG=arm-mingw32ce-pkgconfig
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | This is basic just to view the maps. Then:
| |
| − | make
| |
| − | As usual, osm2navit.exe will fail to compile.
| |
| − | cd navit && make navit.exe
| |
| − | | |
| − | You find navit.exe under (your directory)/navit/navit/navit.exe
| |
| − | | |
| − | Install sync on your system.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | | |
| − | ----
| |
| − | | |
| − | For installation you need packages librapi, liprapi2, pyrapi2, libsync.
| |
| − | Package synce-0.9.0-1 contains librapi and libsync.
| |
| − | You do not need to install it again!
| |
| − | | |
| − | Sources:
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=30550 Sync] If link is crashed, use this: [http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=librapi.so.2 Sync Link2]
| |
| − | | |
| − | libsync:
| |
| − | [http://sourceforge.net/project/mirror_picker.php?height=350&width=300&group_id=30550&use_mirror=puzzle&filesize=&filename=libsynce-0.12.tar.gz&abmode= libsync]
| |
| − | | |
| − | pyrapi2:
| |
| − | [http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=pyrapi2.so pyrapi2]
| |
| − | | |
| − | librapi2
| |
| − | [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.0/libraries/synce-librapi/0.11.0/src/ librapi2]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ----
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Once you have navit.exe ready, copy /opt/cegcc/arm-cegcc/lib/device/*.dll on your device.
| |
| − | | |
| − | For Debian use:
| |
| − | | |
| − | synce-pcp /opt/cegcc/arm-cegcc/lib/device/cegcc.dll ":/windows/cegcc.dll"
| |
| − | synce-pcp /opt/cegcc/arm-cegcc/lib/device/cegccthrd.dll ":/windows/cegccthrd.dll"
| |
| − | | |
| − | All other Linux/Unix systems use:
| |
| − | | |
| − | pcp /opt/cegcc/arm-cegcc/lib/device/cegcc.dll ":/windows/cegcc.dll"
| |
| − | pcp /opt/cegcc/arm-cegcc/lib/device/cegccthrd.dll ":/windows/cegccthrd.dll"
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Synchronisation with a grahic surface, if connection to device failed:
| |
| − | | |
| − | Packages RAKI and RAPIP you can use.
| |
| − | | |
| − | RAKI you have in packages synce-kde (see Synce).
| |
| − | | |
| − | RAKI is like Active Sync, RAPIP is a little bit like fish:// under Konquerror.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Under SuSE Linux you can run kitchensync (not for all PDA).
| |
| − | | |
| − | For synchronisation you can also use kpilot under Suse Linux (runs not with all PDA) or Microsoft Active Sync under Windows (free download at Microsoft homepage).
| |
| − | | |
| − | You can put your memory card in card reader and copy data. Over console you must type in
| |
| − | | |
| − | sync
| |
| − | | |
| − | before you remove memory card.
| |
| − | | |
| − |
| |
| − | Install navit.exe.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Debian:
| |
| − | synce-pcp navit.exe ":/Storage Card/navit.exe"
| |
| − |
| |
| − | All other:
| |
| − | | |
| − | pcp navit.exe ":/Storage Card/navit.exe"
| |
| − |
| |
| − | | |
| − | Prepare a navit.xml.wince
| |
| − | | |
| − | Change gui to win32 and graphics to win32.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Fix the paths to your maps "/Storage Card/binfilemap.bin"
| |
| − | | |
| − | Debian:
| |
| − | | |
| − | synce-pcp binfilemap.bin ":/Storage Card/binfilemap.bin"
| |
| − | synce-pcp navit.xml.wince ":/Storage Card/navit.xml"
| |
| − | | |
| − | All other:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | pcp binfilemap.bin ":/Storage Card/binfilemap.bin"
| |
| − | pcp navit.xml.wince ":/Storage Card/navit.xml"
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | For a start best use the samplemap.
| |
| − | Now you can launch navit.exe on the device.
| |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Ports]] | | [[Category:Ports]] |
| | + | [[Category:Windows]] |
If the created start menu entry does not work, check if a 'bin' is too many in the link target location.
Compiling, configuring and running Navit on Windows can be a challenge at times. Below are a few hints, in addition to the more detailed instructions following.
